The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the 17th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's nationalfootball teams organized by FIFA. It was held from 31 May to 30 June 2002 at sites in South Korea and Japan, with its final match hosted by Japan at International Stadium in Yokohama.

A field of 32 teams qualified for this World Cup, which was the first to be held in Asia, the first to be held outside of the Americas or Europe, as well as the first to be jointly-hosted by more than one nation. China, Ecuador, Senegal and Slovenia made their World Cup debuts.

The tournament had several upsets and surprise results, which included the defending champions France being eliminated in the group stage after earning a single point and second favourites Argentina also being eliminated in the group stage. South Korea managed to reach the semi-finals, beating Spain, Italy and Portugal en route. However, the most potent team at the tournament, Brazil, prevailed, winning the final against Germany 2–0, making them the first and only country to have won the World Cup five times.^[1] The victory qualified Brazil for the 2003 and subsequently 2005 FIFA Confederations Cups, its fourth and fifth Confederations Cup appearance in a row. In the third place play-off match against South Korea, Turkey won 3–2, taking third place in only their second ever FIFA World Cup.^[2]

The 2002 World Cup was also the last one to use the golden goal rule.

• 2Qualification
• 7Results
  • 7.1Group stage
  • 7.2Knockout stage
• 8Statistics

Host selection[edit]

South Korea and Japan were selected as hosts by FIFA on 31 May 1996. Initially, South Korea, Japan and Mexico presented three rival bids. South Korea's entry into the race was seen by some as a response to the bid of political and sporting rival Japan.^[3] FIFA leaders were split on who to favor as host as politics within the world governing body held sway.^[4] With Mexico regarded as a long shot, the battle to host the tournament came down to Japan and South Korea. The two Asian rivals went on a massive and expensive PR blitz around the world, prompting Sultan Ahmad Shah, the head of the Asian Football Confederation, to step in.^[5] FIFA boss Joao Havelange had long backed the Japanese bid,^[6] but his rival in FIFA, UEFA chief Lennart Johansson, sought to undermine Havelange's plans.^[4]UEFA and the AFC viewed cohosting between the two Asian rivals as the best option.^[4] Japan was finally faced with a choice of having no World Cup or half a World Cup and they reluctantly chose to go along with co-hosting.^[4] South Korea and Japan were chosen unanimously as co-hosts in preference to Mexico.^[7] This was the first World Cup to be hosted by more than one country, the second being the 2026 World Cup, which will be hosted by the United States, Mexico and Canada. The general secretary of South Korea's bidding committee, Song Young-shik, stated that FIFA was interested in staging some matches in North Korea in order to aid Korean reunification, but it was ruled out.^[8]

At the time the decision was made, Japan had never qualified for a World Cup finals (although the Japanese did subsequently qualify for the 1998 competition). The only other countries to have been awarded a World Cup without previously having competed in a final tournament are Italy in 1934 and Qatar in 2022 (Uruguay hosted the first World Cup in 1930 so there was no prior tournament; they were defending Olympic champions from 1928).

The unusual choice of host proved an issue for football fans in Europe, used to watching international matches on or close to their time zone.^[9] With games taking place in the European morning, some schools and businesses chose to open late on match days or set up communal watching events before the start of work.^[10][11]

Qualification[edit]

199 teams attempted to qualify for the 2002 World Cup. The qualification process began with the preliminary draw held in Tokyo on 7 December 1999. Defending championsFrance and co-hosts South Korea and Japan qualified automatically and did not have to play any qualification matches. This was the final World Cup in which the defending champions qualified automatically.^[12]

14 places were contested by UEFA teams (Europe), five by CAF teams (Africa), four by CONMEBOL teams (South America), four by AFC teams (Asia) and three by CONCACAF teams (North and Central America and the Caribbean). The remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and UEFA and between CONMEBOL and OFC (Oceania). Four nations qualified for the finals for the first time: China, Ecuador, Senegal and Slovenia. As of 2018, this was the last time the Republic of Ireland, Turkey and China qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals, as well as the last time Australia and Switzerland failed to qualify.

Turkey qualified for the first time since 1954, Poland and Portugal both qualified for the first time since 1986 and Costa Rica and Uruguay qualified for the first time since 1990. Sweden, Russia and the Republic of Ireland also returned after missing the 1998 World Cup. 1998 semi-finalists the Netherlands, three-time participants in the 1990s Romania, Colombia and Norway, and Bulgaria and Morocco, who had participated in the previous two finals tournaments, failed to qualify, while South Korea set a record by appearing in a fifth successive finals tournament, the first nation from outside Europe or the Americas to achieve this feat.

All seven previous World Cup-winning nations (Argentina, Brazil, England, France, Germany, Italy and Uruguay) qualified, which broke the record of most previous champions at a tournament before the record was broken again in 2014. The highest ranked team not to qualify was Colombia (ranked 4th), while the lowest ranked team that did qualify was China PR (ranked 50th).

List of qualified teams[edit]

The following 32 teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings,^[13] qualified for the final tournament:

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Venues[edit]

South Korea and Japan each provided 10 venues, the vast majority of them newly built for the tournament. Groups A–D played all their matches in South Korea and Groups E–H played all their matches in Japan.^[14] The stadiums in Daegu, Suwon, Yokohama and Saitama all hosted 4 matches each, while the other 16 stadiums hosted 3 matches each. Notably, no matches were played in Tokyo, making it the second (after Bonn in 1974) capital of a host country not to have a World Cup venue (although there were matches played in cities close to or part of the Tokyo metropolitan area).

• A cross denotes an indoor stadium.

Match officials[edit]

There was much controversy over the refereeing in the tournament. Questionable decisions in the match between Italy and South Korea resulted in 400,000 complaints, and featured in ESPN's 10 most fabled World Cup controversies.^[35] The match between Spain and South Korea featured two controversially disallowed Spanish goals, which Iván Helguera referred to as 'a robbery' and led to Spanish press brandishing the officials 'thieves of dreams', though FIFA dismissed the incident as human error.^[36]

Squads[edit]

This was the first World Cup that featured squads of 23 players, an increase from 22 previously. Of the 23 players, 3 must be goalkeepers.

Seeds[edit]

The eight seeded teams for the 2002 tournament were announced on 28 November 2001. The seeds comprised Pot A in the draw. Pot B contained the remaining 11 European sides; Pot C contained five unseeded qualifiers from CONMEBOL and AFC. Pot D contained unseeded sides from the CONCACAF region and Africa.^[37] This was the last FIFA World Cup with the defending champion in Group A. Since 2006, the Host nation has been in Group A.

Before the draw, it was arranged that the last three teams in Pot B would be drawn into four groups which did not already contain two European teams and one would be left without a second European team. This was ultimately Group C. No group could contain more than two European teams, no unseeded South American team could be drawn with Brazil or Argentina and no unseeded Asian team could be drawn with South Korea or Japan.

France, as holders were automatically placed in Group A, South Korea were placed in Group D and Japan were placed in Group H. One of the two South American seeds (Brazil and Argentina) had to play in a group played in South Korea and the other had to play in a group played in Japan. In Pot C, China had to play in South Korea (either group A, B or C) which meant that the other Asian team in Pot C (Saudi Arabia) had to play in Japan (either group E, F or G). In Pot D, two or three African teams and one or two CONCACAF teams had to play in either South Korea or Japan.

On 1 December 2001, the draw was held and the group assignments and order of fixtures were determined. Group F was considered the group of death, as it brought together Argentina, England, Nigeria and Sweden.

Results[edit]

Group stage[edit]

All times are Korea Standard Time and Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)

Groups A, B, C, D based in South Korea. Groups E, F, G, H based in Japan.

In the following tables:

• Pld = total games played
• W = total games won
• D = total games drawn (tied)
• L = total games lost
• GF = total goals scored (goals for)
• GA = total goals conceded (goals against)
• GD = goal difference (GF−GA)
• Pts = total points accumulated

The teams in the group play were ranked upon

• Points
• Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches
• Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches
• Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie
• Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie
• Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie
• Drawing of lots

In the original version of the rules for the final tournament, the ranking criteria were in a different order, with head-to-head results taking precedence over total goal difference. The rules were changed to the above in advance of the tournament, but older versions were still available on the FIFA and UEFA websites, causing some confusion among those trying to identify the correct criteria.^[38]

Group A[edit]

Group A involved the defending champions France, along with Senegal, Uruguay and Denmark. The World Cup started with a 1–0 defeat of France, playing without the injured Zinedine Zidane, by tournament newcomers Senegal in the tournament's opening match held in Seoul, South Korea.^[39] On the next day, two goals by Jon Dahl Tomasson gave the Danes a 2–1 victory over Uruguay in Ulsan.

In the second set of Group A matches, France were held to a 0–0 draw in Busan by Uruguay after star striker Thierry Henry was sent off, while in Daegu, Denmark and Senegal drew 1–1.^[40]

A 2–0 defeat by Denmark in their last group game in Incheon sealed France's elimination from the World Cup.^[41]

France went out of the Cup without even managing to score a goal and earned the unwanted record of the worst World Cup performance by World Cup holders (in 1934 Uruguay refused to defend the title).^[42]

Senegal drew with Uruguay to clinch their place in the second round, despite Uruguay coming back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3, in their last group game in Suwon. The South Americans couldn't find the fourth goal that would have kept them in the Cup and thus were out of the tournament.^[43] At the end, Denmark won Group A with 7 points, followed by Senegal with 5 points. Uruguay were eliminated with 2 points and holders France with 1 point.

Group B[edit]

Spain in Group B became one of only two teams to pick up maximum points, seeing off both Slovenia and Paraguay (In Gwangju and Jeonju respectively) 3–1 before defeating South Africa 3–2 in Daejeon.^[44]

Paraguay advanced over a late goal, winning 3–1 over newcomer Slovenia in Seogwipo to tie with South Africa on goal difference (they were already tied with four points, having drawn 2–2 in their opening game against each other in Busan). As a result, Paraguay advanced to the second round on the goals scored tiebreaker, scoring six goals compared to South Africa's five.^[45]

Group C[edit]

Group C saw Brazil become the other team to win all three of their Group matches, defeating Turkey 2–1 in Ulsan, China 4–0 in Seogwipo and Costa Rica 5–2 in Suwon.^[46][47]Turkey also advanced to the next round, defeating Costa Rica on goal difference after both teams were tied with 4 points each.^[48] China, coached by Bora Milutinović (the fifth national team he coached in five consecutive World Cups), failed to get a point or even score a goal.^[49]

Group D[edit]

Group D saw co-host South Korea, Poland, United States and Portugal square off against each other. South Korea and Poland started group play in Busan, where South Korea earned their first ever World Cup victory, defeating Poland 2–0. United States shocked group favorites Portugal the next day, defeating them 3–2 in Suwon. South Korea and United States then faced off in Daegu, where excellent goalkeeping by Brad Friedel and Lee Woon-jae resulted in a 1–1 draw, while a hat-trick by Pauleta gave the Portuguese a comfortable 4–0 win against Poland in Jeonju. In the final group games held in Incheon (Portugal-South Korea) and Daejeon (Poland-United States), South Korea eliminated Portugal thanks to a 70th-minute goal by Park Ji-sung, finishing the game 1–0, while Poland defeated United States 3–1. As a result, South Korea won their first ever group stage and advanced for the first time with seven points, while United States followed with four points. Portugal and Poland were eliminated with three points each in third and fourth places respectively.

Group E[edit]

Group E saw Germany play against Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Ireland and Cameroon. Ireland and Cameroon started group play in Niigata in a 1–1 draw, while Germany thrashed Saudi Arabia 8–0 in Sapporo. In Ibaraki, Germany held a 1–0 lead over the Republic of Ireland thanks to a 19th-minute goal by Miroslav Klose, only to draw 1–1 due to a sensational 92nd-minute equaliser by Robbie Keane. Saudi Arabia bowed out of the tournament with a 1–0 defeat against Cameroon in Saitama, thanks to a second-half goal by Samuel Eto'o. In the final matches of Group E, Germany sent Cameroon out of the tournament, winning 0–2 in Shizuoka with goals by Marco Bode and Miroslav Klose, while Ireland defeated Saudi Arabia 3–0 in Yokohama with goals by Robbie Keane, Gary Breen and Damien Duff. Germany advanced with seven points and Ireland followed along with five points, while Cameroon was eliminated with four points. Saudi Arabia was eliminated without a single point or goal, having conceded 12 goals, finishing dead last in the tournament.

Group F[edit]

Group F was nicknamed the 'group of death', featuring Argentina, Nigeria, England and Sweden. Argentina won their opening game in Ibaraki 1–0 against Nigeria thanks to a second-half goal by Gabriel Batistuta, while in Saitama England and Sweden drew 1–1 thanks to goals by Sol Campbell and Niclas Alexandersson. Sweden and Nigeria faced off in Kobe, where two goals by Henrik Larsson eliminated Nigeria 2–1. Meanwhile, in Sapporo, England won 1–0 over Argentina, thanks to a David Beckham penalty kick. In the final matches of Group F, England and Nigeria drew 0–0 in Osaka, while Sweden and Argentina drew 1–1 in Miyagi. Sweden and England advanced from Group F, first and second respectively with five points each, at the expense of Argentina's four points, while Nigeria finished last with one point.

Group G[edit]

Group G saw Italy, Ecuador, Croatia and Mexico play against each other. Niigata saw the start of the group games, with Mexico winning 1–0 over Croatia, thanks to a penalty converted by Cuauhtémoc Blanco. Later that night in Sapporo, Italy defeated newcomers Ecuador 2–0 with ease, having both goals scored by Christian Vieri. Italy and Croatia faced off a few days later in Ibaraki, where Croatia pulled a 2–1 upset victory over Italy. The next day in Miyagi saw Mexico earn a vital victory over Ecuador 2–1. In the final matches of Group G, Mexico and Italy drew 1–1 in Ōita, while Ecuador achieved their first ever World Cup victory 1–0 over Croatia in Yokohama. Mexico won Group G with seven points, while Italy survived with four points. Croatia and Ecuador were eliminated with three points in third and fourth places respectively, with the former failing to repeat its surprise performance from 1998 despite their victory against Italy.

Group H[edit]

Group H saw co-hosts Japan square off against Belgium, Russia and Tunisia. Japan earned their first World Cup points in a spectacular 2–2 draw against Belgium in Saitama, while Russia defeated Tunisia in Kobe, 2–0. Japan would get their first ever World Cup victory a few days later in Yokohama, defeating Russia 1–0, thanks to a second-half goal by Junichi Inamoto, while Belgium and Tunisia drew 1–1 in Ōita. In the final matches of Group H, Japan defeated Tunisia with ease, winning 0–2 in Osaka, while Belgium survived against Russia in Shizuoka, winning 3–2. Japan won Group H with seven points, while Belgium advanced with five points. Russia was eliminated with three points and Tunisia was eliminated with one point.

Knockout stage[edit]

For the second round, quarter-finals and semi-finals, the qualifiers from Groups A, C, F and H played their games in Japan while the qualifiers from Groups B, D, E and G played their games in South Korea. Daegu, South Korea, hosted the third-place match while Yokohama, Japan, hosted the final.

Round of 16 and quarter-finals[edit]

In the second round, Germany beat Paraguay 1–0 with a late goal by Oliver Neuville in Seogwipo. England defeated Denmark in Niigata 3–0, with all goals occurring in the first half of the game. Sweden and Senegal faced off in Ōita and finished 1–1 in regular time and it took a golden goal from Henri Camara in extra time to settle the game for Senegal 2–1. Spain and Ireland played in Suwon, where Spain led most of the match 1–0 until a late penalty kick scored by Robbie Keane made the match go 1–1 sending it to extra time, where Spain outlasted Ireland 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out. The United States beat CONCACAF rivals Mexico 2–0 in Jeonju, thanks to the goals of Brian McBride and Landon Donovan. Brazil defeated Belgium 2–0 in Kobe, with an amazing volley by Rivaldo and a splendid counter-attack goal by Ronaldo. Turkey ended co-hosts Japan's run with a 1–0 win in Miyagi, thanks to a Ümit Davala goal in the 12th minute. The other co-hosts, South Korea, defeated Italy 2–1 in extra time in Daejeon with a goal by Ahn Jung-hwan in the 117th minute, after a match filled with many controversial referring decisions.^[50] South Korea's win ensured that, for the very first time in the Cup's history, teams from each of Europe, North America, South America, Africa and Asia reached the quarter-finals of the same tournament.

In the quarter-finals, England and Brazil squared off in Shizuoka, where Ronaldinho scored a free-kick goal over England's David Seaman early in the second half as Brazil won 2–1. The United States lost to Germany 1–0 in Ulsan by a Michael Ballack goal in the 39th minute, but controversy surrounded the game when United States demanded the referee give a penalty for a goal-line handball by Torsten Frings in the 49th minute, but the referee did not award the penalty. South Korea got another win in Gwangju in a controversial manner, beating Spain 5–3 on penalties after a 0–0 draw in which the Spaniards twice thought they had scored while onside; however, the efforts were disallowed by the referee with controversial decisions.^[51][52] The hosts became the first team in the Asian Football Confederation to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup, eclipsing the record of their North Korean counterparts who reached the quarter-finals in 1966. They also became the first World Cup semi-final team not from UEFA or CONMEBOL since the United States did it in 1930. Turkey defeated Senegal 1–0 in Osaka, with a golden goal scored by İlhan Mansız in the 93rd minute.

Semi-finals, third-place match and final[edit]

The semi-finals saw two 1–0 games; The first semi-final, held in Seoul saw a Michael Ballack goal good enough for Germany to defeat South Korea. However, Ballack had already received a yellow card during the match before, which forced him to miss the final based on accumulated yellow cards.^[53] The next day in Saitama saw Ronaldo score a goal early in the second half, scoring his sixth of the competition for Brazil, who beat Turkey in a replay of their Group C encounter.^[54][55]

In the third-place match in Daegu, Turkey beat the South Koreans 3–2, their first goal coming from Hakan Şükür straight from the opening kick-off (even though South Korea kicked off) in 10.8 seconds, the fastest ever goal in World Cup history.

In the final match held in Yokohama, Japan, two goals from Ronaldo secured the World Cup for Brazil as they claimed victory over Germany. Ronaldo scored twice in the second half and, after the game, won the Golden Shoe award for the tournament's leading scorer with eight goals. This was the fifth time Brazil had won the World Cup, cementing their status as the most successful national team in the history of the competition. Brazil became the only team since Argentina in 1986 to win the trophy without needing to win a penalty shoot-out at some stage during the knockout phase and the total number of penalty shoot-outs (2) was the lowest since the four-round knockout format was introduced in 1986. Brazil also became the first team to win every match at a World Cup Finals since 1970 and set a new record for highest aggregate goal difference (+14) for a World Cup winner. Brazil's captain Cafu, who became the first player to appear in three successive World Cup finals, accepted the trophy on behalf of the team.

Round of 16[edit]

Quarter-finals[edit]

Semi-finals[edit]

Third place play-off[edit]

Final[edit]

Statistics[edit]

Goalscorers[edit]

Ronaldo won the Golden Shoe after scoring eight goals. In total, 161 goals were scored by 109 players, with three of them credited as own goals. Two of those own goals were in the same match, marking the first time in FIFA World Cup history that own goals had been scored by both teams in the same match.

Disciplinary statistics[edit]

• Total number of yellow cards: 272
  
• Average yellow cards per match: 4.25
  
• Total number of red cards: 17
  
• Average red cards per match: 0.27
  
• First yellow card of the tournament:
  Emmanuel Petit for France against Senegal
  
• First red card of the tournament:
  Boris Živković for Croatia against Mexico
  
• Fastest yellow card from kick off: 2 minutes
  Henri Camara for Senegal against Uruguay, Jesús Arellano for Mexico against Italy
  
• Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 3 minutes
  Alberto García Aspe for Mexico against United States (introduced in the 78th minute)
  
• Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes
  Pape Thiaw for Senegal against Sweden
  
• Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 115 minutes
  Choi Jin-cheul for South Korea against Italy
  
• Fastest dismissal from kick off: 22nd minute
  Carlos Paredes for Paraguay against Slovenia
  
• Fastest dismissal of a substitute: 12 minutes
  Shao Jiayi for China against Turkey (introduced in the 46th minute)
  
• Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes
  Hakan Ünsal for Turkey against Brazil
  
• Latest dismissal in a match with extra time: 103 minutes
  Francesco Totti for Italy against South Korea
  
• Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 3 minutes
  Carsten Ramelow for Germany against Cameroon (booked in the 37th minute and again in the 40th minute)
  
• Most yellow cards (team): 19
  Turkey
  
• Most red cards (team): 2
  Paraguay, Portugal, Turkey
  
• Fewest yellow cards (team): 2
  Nigeria
  
• Most yellow cards (player): 3
  Michael Ballack, Emre Belözoğlu, Beto, Tugay Kerimoğlu, Francesco Totti
  
• Most red cards (player): 1
  Roberto Acuña, Beto, Claudio Caniggia, Nastja Čeh, Salif Diao, Thierry Henry, Rafael Márquez, Alpay Özalan, Carlos Paredes, João Pinto, Carsten Ramelow, Ronaldinho, Shao Jiayi, Patrick Suffo, Francesco Totti, Hakan Ünsal, Boris Živković
  
• Most yellow cards (match): 16
  Cameroon vs Germany
  
• Most red cards (match): 2
  Brazil vs Turkey, Cameroon vs Germany, Slovenia vs Paraguay, Portugal vs South Korea
  
• Fewest yellow cards (match): 0
  Croatia vs Mexico, Germany vs Republic of Ireland, Nigeria vs England
  
• Most cards in one match: 16 yellow cards and 2 red cards
  Cameroon vs Germany

Awards[edit]

¹Oliver Kahn is the only goalkeeper to have won the Golden Ball in FIFA World Cup history.^[58]

All-star team[edit]

Final standings[edit]

After the tournament, FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 2002 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition.^[59]

Sponsorship[edit]

The sponsors of the 2002 FIFA World Cup are divided into two categories: FIFA World Cup Sponsors and Japan and South Korea Supporters.^[60][61]

Ticket sales problem[edit]

The original domestic ticket allocation had fully sold out and the organising committee completed sales of tickets returned from the international allocation by the end of April. However, it was obvious at the opening matches that there were a significant number of empty seats.^[78] It was gradually revealed that the World Cup Ticketing Bureau (WCTB) still had unsold tickets in its possession. After FIFA agreed to sell this inventory, JAWOC undertook sales over telephone and WCTB handled the internet sales.^[79] For the second round Japan vs. Turkey match in Miyagi in particular, although it was reported by both parties that all tickets had been sold, some 700 seats remained empty.

Controversies[edit]

The tournament was criticized for many poor and questionable refereeing decisions. South Korea in particular faced scrutiny and allegations of corruption due to the favorable decisions they received in their controversial victories over Italy in the Round of 16 and over Spain in the quarterfinals.^[80][50][52]

Cultural event[edit]

The official FIFA cultural event of the 2002 World Cup was a flag festival called Poetry of the Winds.^[81] Held in Nanjicheon Park, an area of the World Cup Park close to the stadium,^[82][83]Poetry of the Winds was exhibited from 29 May to 25 June in order to wish success upon the World Cup and promote a festive atmosphere. During the flag art festival, hand-painted flags from global artists were displayed as a greeting to international guests in a manner that was designed to promote harmony (2002 Flag Art Festival Executive Committee).^[81]

See also[edit]

• Adidas Fevernova – match ball
• The Doraemons movies: Goal! Goal! Goal!! (2002 FIFA World Cup movies)

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

• 2002 FIFA World Cup Official Website (archived)
• 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan ™, FIFA.com
• FIFA Technical Report (Part 1) and (Part 2)

Warning: do not cheer for South Korea. They have no right to be in a World Cup semi-final. Spain should be playing Germany in Seoul. The records say that the Koreans knocked out Spain in a penalty shoot-out in Gwangju on Saturday. The records are a lie and this tournament has descended into farce.

FIFA are asking a global audience to accept that human error was to blame for Spain having two legitimate goals disallowed in a match that was an affront to sport. The Spanish have gone home fulminating even more wildly than the Italians, whose supporters bombarded the game's governing body with 400,000 e-mails objecting to the refereeing in the South Korea-Italy second-round match. This is not the time to be pointing out that Italian football itself is a cauldron of conspiracies. This is the moment to declare oneself a temporary German and pray that South Korea are ejected tomorrow night.

'What happened here was robbery,' insisted Spain's Ivan Helguera, who had to be pulled away from Gamal Ghandour, the Egyptian referee. Ghandour conforms to FIFA's pattern of appointing officials from minor footballing nations to run big games. The party line is that the refereeing team should be multi-national. This renders it anti-meritocratic and elevates obscure officials who may be more eager to impress or please their employers than, say, an elite European referee. Behind the veil of political correctness, the officiating at this World Cup is a shambles.

Whatever the politics, the outcome is that Ghandour inexplicably waved away a goal after a Spanish free kick hit Korea's Kim Tae-young on the back of the head and bounced into the net. There was no pushing, no holding and no offside. Then, three minutes into extra time, Michael Ragoonath, a linesman from Trinidad, raised his flag as Spain's Joaquin was crossing a ball on to the head of Fernando Morientes for what should have been a golden goal. Ragoonath was presumably the only man in Asia who thought the ball had crossed the line before Joaquin unleashed his cross. There was a pattern, too, of Spanish forwards being called offside when they were either level with, or on the correct side of, Korean defenders.

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'Everyone saw two perfectly good goals. If Spain didn't win, it's because they didn't want us to win,' Helguera said. 'I feel terrible about this game.' Back home, a bonfire of indignation was torched. Both Spanish sports dailies led with the headline: Robbed. One - Marca - called the officials 'thieves of dreams' and claimed 'the flower is stained'. AS, Marca's rival, thundered: 'We did not deserve this. Not the Spanish, not lovers of football.' In Argentina, La Nacion wrote: 'This World Cup should be declared null and void.'

There is more at play, here, than the embarrassment of big countries bundled out by the small. The main Italian grievance was the dismissal of their best player, Francesco Totti, for diving when the replay showed that he had made contact with Song Chong-gug, the Korean defender. The allegation, plainly, is that officials are favouring South Korea in a tournament that was set up as a showcase for Asian football. FIFA deny this vehemently, though an intriguing subtext is the attempt by Sepp Blatter, the organisation's president, to distance himself from the many flagrant errors. Blatter called some of the linesmen in Japan and South Korea 'a disaster'. Significantly, FIFA yesterday appointed two front-rank Europeans, Urs Meier and Kim Milton Nielsen, to take charge of the semi-finals.

Keith Cooper, FIFA's director of communications, denounced the conspiracy theories humming round this World Cup as 'pathetic' and quoted Senes Erzik, the chairman of the refereeing committee, thus: 'Conspiracy theories crop up in all walks of life and in 99 per cent of cases they are unfounded. This is one of the 99 per cent.' But Oliver Kahn, Germany's goalkeeper, revealed some of the anxieties now afflicting South Korea's next opponents. 'We may have one or two refereeing decisions against us. That's normal,' Kahn said. 'It's called home advantage.'

What's not normal is to have the outcome of a multi-million pound sporting event determined by a series of abject and baffling decisions which render the final score a travesty. The Spain-South Korea result was the most objectionable in recent World Cup history. It left a rancid smell over the semi-finals and destroyed what romance there is in South Korea's unlikely march to the penultimate round. Now, no one with a conscience can take pleasure from observing the happy hell that the Red Devils have created for themselves in their stadiums.

Disgracefully, Korean TV airbrushed out the many outrages from Saturday's match, and kept their cameras fixed instead on the disturbing smirk of Guus Hiddink, South Korea's coach. Their coverage was more appropriate to communist North Korea, and was an apology for TV journalism. Yesterday morning, the Korean daily, Chosun Ilbo, chirped: 'How can we forget these moments and these feelings. It is no longer a miracle.' You can say that again.